The Last Word with Lawrence O’Donnell

Lawrence O'Donnell critiques Graham Plattner's decision to drop out of the Maine Senate race, accusing him of using a video statement to spread falsehoods and avoid accountability for sexual abuse allegations. The episode explores the Maine Democratic Party's path forward, featuring discussions on the upcoming nominating convention, the need for fundraising, and the party's commitment to a transparent process. The discussion also covers Congresswoman Shelley Pingree's critique of Plattner's lack of accountability and the party's efforts to organize new candidates. Finally, the program examines Donald Trump's erratic rhetoric regarding Iran and Japan, alongside Congressman Madeline Dean's critique of the President's lack of credibility and the impact of his undiplomatic language on international relations.

Lawrence O'Donnell examines Donald Trump's recent behavior at the NATO summit, including the use of potentially AI-manipulated media, and discusses the escalation of conflict in the Middle East with Congressman Adam Smith. The episode also covers the collapse of Graham Plattner's Senate campaign in Maine amid misconduct allegations and the importance of candidate vetting. Additionally, the program explores political recruitment strategies and features an investigative report by Eric Lipton on the massive financial losses suffered by investors in a Trump-linked cryptocurrency.

This episode examines the erosion of democratic norms and the rule of law, focusing on Donald Trump's use of the pardon power for political allies and the potential for government resources to be used in the intimidation of critics. The discussion covers the legal repercussions of the E. Jean Carroll verdict and the humanitarian impact of cutting USAID funding under Elon Musk's influence. Additionally, the episode explores election integrity controversies in Maricopa County, Arizona, featuring insights from Secretary of State Adrian Fontes. The program concludes with an investigative report into a $500 million no-bid contract awarded for the construction of an East Wing Ballroom, highlighting the bypass of standard federal procurement procedures.

This episode covers a range of pressing political and legal developments, including the success of Isabel Wilkerson's book, Jack Smith's resolve in the face of intimidation, and the ongoing legal battle regarding E. Jean Carroll's $5 million judgment. The program also examines Donald Trump's recent interview responses regarding housing and his views on presidential history, alongside an update on Iowa Senate candidate Josh Turek's polling. Additionally, the episode features an investigative report by Eric Lipton on the Trump family's significant revenue from cryptocurrency and international deals. The episode concludes with an in-depth discussion with Professor Eddie Glaude Jr. regarding his new book on race and American anniversaries, as well as a critique of Donald Trump's use of no-bid contracts in domestic and foreign policy.

This episode explores various political developments, including allegations of corruption regarding Donald Trump's acquisition of a Boeing 747 and his significant financial gains from cryptocurrency. The discussion covers the strategic consequences of Trump's policies regarding Iran and potential Congressional investigations into Trump family corruption. Additionally, the program features Senator Sheldon Whitehouse's critique of the Supreme Court's recent campaign finance ruling. The episode concludes with an interview with Isabel Wilkerson, discussing Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson's historical approach to judicial opinions and reflections on the concept of caste and the nation's shared history.

This episode examines a Supreme Court decision regarding birthright citizenship under the 14th Amendment, exploring the legal arguments and the political influence of figures like Donald Trump and Stephen Miller. The discussion delves into the historical and constitutional implications of the ruling, specifically critiquing views that seek to undermine the amendment's universalist principles. Additionally, Senator Cory Booker discusses his concerns regarding a judiciary that he alleges favors billionaires and corporations. He proposes specific reforms, including term limits and stricter ethics laws, to restore public trust and democratic integrity in the American legal system.

This episode examines critical legal and political developments in the United States, ranging from Supreme Court decisions regarding Donald Trump's civil liability and mail-in voting laws to challenges against voting rights legislation. The program features insights from Congresswoman Madeline Dean on a tense Iran conflict briefing and Congressman James Clyburn on the mobilization of Black voters in the South. Additionally, the episode covers congressional race dynamics, including interviews with Democratic candidates Rebecca Bennett and Anderson Clayton. The discussion highlights key campaign issues such as the cost of living, political corruption, and the impact of legislative decisions on healthcare and voter representation in New Jersey and North Carolina.

This episode explores escalating geopolitical tensions and domestic political shifts in the United States. The discussion begins with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's role in Democratic leadership and moves into the increasing instability between the U.S. and Iran, featuring insights from Congressman Adam Smith on the strategic disadvantages facing the U.S. regarding the Strait of Hormuz. The program also examines significant domestic issues, including the House Oversight Committee's investigation into Leon Black's ties to Jeffrey Epstein and the legal battles surrounding the Kennedy Center. Additionally, the episode features discussions on the evolving landscape of reproductive rights following the overturning of Roe v. Wade, the Ohio gubernatorial race, and the impact of Supreme Court rulings on immigrant communities.

This episode examines the decline of Senate decorum and the erosion of institutional resistance to presidential pressure, specifically focusing on Senator Bill Cassidy's shift in vote following a meeting with Donald Trump. The discussion features insights from Senator Chris Van Hollen and John Kerry regarding the complexities of diplomacy and the current state of Senate leadership. Additionally, the episode explores the legal and economic implications of Trump's policies, including judicial rulings on voting and the use of funds for January 6th defendants, with commentary from Congressman Jamie Raskin. The episode concludes with a look at the economic struggles in North Carolina and the global health consequences of dismantling USAID, particularly regarding the Ebola outbreak.

This episode examines the escalating tensions within the Republican party following a heated confrontation between Senator Bill Cassidy and Donald Trump. The discussion delves into the diplomatic fallout of the Trump administration's withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, featuring an interview with John Kerry on the strategic implications for international law and global energy stability. Additionally, the program covers the domestic legislative landscape, including Donald Trump's refusal to sign a bipartisan housing affordability bill and Senator Alex Padilla's critique of the SAVE Act. The episode concludes with breaking news regarding powerful earthquakes striking Venezuela.

This episode explores various political developments, including the declining popularity of the name 'Donald' and reports of Donald Trump's affinity for comparisons to historical dictators. The program also examines debates regarding nuclear inspection agreements with Iran, recent election night results in New York, and a federal court ruling blocking ICE arrests in immigration courts. Additionally, the episode features interviews and critiques regarding law enforcement misconduct and the Trump administration's policies. The discussion concludes with a look at the challenges of 'litigating reality' when interviewing Donald Trump and the difficulties journalists face when navigating a communication strategy designed to flood the zone with contradictory information.

Journalists Maggie Haberman and Jonathan Swan discuss their new book, 'Regime Change Inside the Imperial Presidency of Donald Trump,' providing an inside look at Trump's volatile relationship with the press and his psychological shift toward seeking historical greatness. The discussion explores his disregard for traditional political constraints and the lack of internal dissent within his administration. The episode also features an interview with Andrew Weissman, who examines the implications of corruption, foreign influence through crypto ventures, and the erosion of the rule of law within the administration.

This episode provides a critical analysis of the Trump administration's Iran negotiations, comparing the recent deal to the historical failures of the Treaty of Versailles and examining the technical risks of increased uranium enrichment. The discussion also covers the political landscape in Texas, featuring Democratic Senate nominee James Tallarico's critique of billionaire-funded political attacks and serious allegations of corruption involving Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton. Additionally, the episode includes a moving tribute from Michelle Obama to Barack Obama and interviews with Senator Chuck Schumer on voting rights and Senator Sherrod Brown on the implications of the Iran deal.

This episode features a critical analysis of Donald Trump's recent negotiations with Iran, comparing the new memorandum of understanding unfavorably to the Obama-era nuclear deal. Guests including Ambassador Wendy Sherman and John Feiner discuss how the new agreement lacks enforcement mechanisms and provides a massive economic windfall to Iran without requiring nuclear concessions, potentially destabilizing the Middle East. The program also covers a Republican loss in a Georgia gubernatorial primary and includes an interview with Keisha Lance Bottoms regarding her campaign and the rising cost of living in Georgia.

Lawrence O'Donnell examines the fallout of Donald Trump's claims regarding a new deal with Iran, featuring a critique of the administration's rhetoric and an interview with Congressman Chris Deluzio on the strategic and human costs of the conflict. The episode also explores the economic impacts of Trump's energy policies and the controversy surrounding White House spending. Further discussions include Senator Sheldon Whitehouse on energy market stability and Senator Sherrod Brown on his Ohio Senate campaign. The episode concludes with an in-depth investigation by New York Times reporter Michael Rothfeld into new findings regarding the final days and death of Jeffrey Epstein.

This episode explores reports of unauthorized audio recordings of White House Situation Room meetings and internal administration debates regarding the Insurrection Act and the suspension of habeas corpus. The program also features an interview with Senator Raphael Warnock on voter suppression, democratic resilience, and the attacks on Michelle Obama. Additionally, the discussion covers a potential secret deal between the Trump administration and Iran, alongside allegations from Congressman Robert Garcia regarding a White House cover-up involving the Epstein files and efforts to protect Donald Trump.

This episode examines the ongoing political and economic fallout of the conflict with Iran, including the potential for a preliminary ceasefire and the debate over its effectiveness. The discussion covers the economic impact of the war, rising inflation, and the political pressure facing the Trump administration ahead of the midterms. Additionally, the episode explores the legal battle regarding the removal of Donald Trump's name from the Kennedy Center and the role of the judiciary in checking executive power. The analysis includes the economic struggles of farmers and consumers under current policies and the symbolic significance of judicial resistance to presidential overreach.

O episódio aborda as alegações de irregularidades na saúde de Donald Trump e o uso de múltiplos médicos para ocultar sua condição real, além de analisar suas distorções históricas sobre o acordo nuclear com o Irã e a Guerra do Vietnã. A discussão explora as consequências das políticas de Trump em relação ao Irã e as preocupações sobre suas indicações para cargos de inteligência nacional. O programa também traz uma entrevista com o candidato Josh Turek sobre o impacto geracional das guerras e os desafios econômicos enfrentados pelos cidadãos de Iowa.

Este episódio explora as repercussões de reportagens sobre discussões internas na Casa Branca a respeito dos arquivos de Jeffrey Epstein, abordando tentativas de encobrimento por figuras do governo Trump e a degradação da Situation Room. O debate também analisa as declarações de Donald Trump sobre operações militares no Irã e o impacto de seus perdões presidentes sobre os envolvidos no ataque de 6 de janeiro, questionando a legitimidade do sistema de justiça. Além disso, o programa discute a candidatura de Deb Haaland ao governo de New Mexico, destacando seu compromisso em proteger o acesso ao voto e a economia do estado contra as políticas da administração federal.

This episode explores the shifting landscape of the AI industry and the end of the era of exponential software growth. The discussion covers significant geopolitical developments, including the shooting down of a U.S. Army Apache helicopter by Iran and the strategic implications of the ongoing conflict. Additionally, the episode examines legal and political updates, ranging from Trump-era tariff challenges and South Carolina election results to testimony regarding connections to Jeffrey Epstein. The report also highlights the increased detention of infants and toddlers in federal custody and the changing orthodoxy within the Republican party.

Este episódio analisa a postura política de Donald Trump e o impacto de suas ações na ordem constitucional e nos acordos internacionais. A discussão aborda a transição de liderança no Congresso, comparando Paul Ryan a Mike Johnson, e critica as alegações de fraude eleitoral na Califórnia. O programa também examina as consequências jurídicas e políticas do governo Trump, incluindo o descumprimento de acordos nucleares e climáticos, o uso da Casa Branca para fins comerciais e as investigações sobre fraudes. Por fim, apresenta uma análise de Ira Shapiro sobre os danos causados ao processo legislativo e à democracia.

This episode examines significant political developments within the Trump administration, including the nomination of Todd Blanche as Attorney General and growing concerns over a $1.776 billion slush fund. The discussion also covers the removal of Trump's name from the Kennedy Center, the renaming of the Department of War, and the controversy surrounding a moment of silence for Derek Chauvin at a Minnesota Republican convention. Additionally, the episode explores the impact of Republican redistricting efforts on Black political power and the economic pressures facing the Midwest. Through interviews with leaders like Congresswoman Joyce Beatty and State Representative Lindsey James, the program highlights how inflation, tariffs, and rising agricultural costs are shifting voter sentiment in states like Ohio and Iowa.

This episode examines the controversial nomination of Todd Blanche as Attorney General, focusing on his history as Donald Trump's defense lawyer and the potential Senate resistance from Republicans like Mitch McConnell and Tom Tillis. The discussion also addresses concerns regarding the lack of justice in the Jeffrey Epstein investigation, allegations of tax immunity for the Trump family, and the appointment of William Pulte as acting Director of National Intelligence. Additionally, the episode explores the risks of political weaponization within the intelligence community and the shifting economic dynamics in the House of Representatives. The program features insights from Congresswoman Madeleine Dean, Andrew Weissman, and Congressman Brendan Boyle regarding the implications of political appointees and Republican economic strategies.

This episode covers a range of critical political developments, beginning with an analysis of recent Congressional votes and California election results. The discussion delves into Donald Trump's rhetoric regarding the January 6th protesters and his impact on Republican candidates in California. The program also examines the implications of Donald Trump's recent nominations, specifically the potential appointment of Todd Blanche as Attorney General and William Pulte as Acting Director of National Intelligence. Featuring insights from Senators Hakeem Jeffries, John Ossoff, and Sheldon Whitehouse, the episode explores concerns regarding the politicization of the intelligence community and the legal challenges facing Congressional oversight.

This episode examines the legal and political fallout surrounding Donald Trump's proposed $1.776 billion 'slush fund' for January 6th defendants, detailing investigations into potential judicial abuses and the growing distance from Republican leadership. The discussion covers allegations of political corruption, including Senator John Ossoff's 'Mar-a-Lago mafia' framing and concerns regarding the handling of the Epstein files. Additionally, the episode explores the degradation of the Department of Justice, featuring insights from Barbara McQuaid on the weaponization of the department and the subsequent exodus of legal talent to state attorney general offices. The program also addresses broader critiques of the administration's economic, healthcare, and foreign policy impacts.

This episode examines legal challenges regarding Donald Trump's alleged 'slush fund' and investigations into the use of the court system, featuring an interview with Congressman Robert Garcia on Pam Bondi's testimony. The discussion also covers voter dissatisfaction with economic policies and the environmental impacts of AI data center expansion. The episode further explores intense protests at the Delaney Hall detention center and provides geopolitical analysis from former Ambassador Michael McFaul regarding Russian drone strikes and NATO security. The program concludes with an announcement regarding the 'America 250' event and the host's return to 'The 11th Hour.'

This episode explores the legal and political controversies surrounding the Trump administration's financial and foreign policies. The discussion covers allegations against Treasury Secretary Scott Bessant regarding Iran's nuclear program and the use of a fraudulent $1.776 billion settlement to create a 'slush fund,' alongside judicial efforts to block these funds. Additionally, Congressman Jamie Raskin and Senator Cory Booker address constitutional violations, the dire conditions at an ICE detention center, and the lack of transparency regarding the costs of the war in Iran. The episode concludes with reports on the economic strain on Ohio farmers and a Wall Street Journal investigation into suspicious oil trading volumes preceding presidential social media announcements.

This episode examines recent political developments, including the Senate races in North Carolina and Texas, and critiques Donald Trump's approach to governance and the upcoming midterms. The discussion covers the economic and military implications of the conflict with Iran, the controversy surrounding a $1.776 billion 'anti-weaponization' fund, and the impact of rising gas prices. The program also features an interview with Professor Eddie Glaude, Jr. regarding his book 'America, USA,' which explores how American national anniversaries can mask historical racial contradictions and the nation's divided soul.

This episode examines the upcoming Texas Senate race between Democrat James Tallarico and Republican Ken Paxton, exploring the political landscape, voter turnout implications, and Tallarico's strategy to build a broad coalition focused on economic relief and anti-corruption. The program also covers the political implications of the war in Iran, including recent military strikes and the legislative challenges surrounding the war powers resolution. Additionally, the program features an interview with Congressman Adam Smith regarding political pressure on House Republicans and a discussion with Ben Rhodes about his book, 'All We Say,' which explores how historical figures used moral language and optimistic vision to shape American identity.

This episode examines the growing bipartisan opposition in the Senate to Donald Trump's proposed 'slush fund' intended to pay individuals who committed crimes on his behalf. The discussion also covers Trump's contradictory statements regarding Iran and the Strait of Hormuz, as well as the potential impact of data centers on Georgia's water supply. Additionally, the program features interviews regarding the Georgia gubernatorial race, testimony from a former Jeffrey Epstein employee, and a whistleblower's report on how Trump administration policies and Elon Musk's influence have impacted USAID's capacity to manage global Ebola outbreaks.

Lawrence O'Donnell examines the Senate parliamentarian's ruling against including funding for Donald Trump's proposed ballroom in a reconciliation bill and discusses concerns regarding Trump's cognitive state. The episode also covers a congressional hearing where Congressman Seth Moulton challenges military leadership regarding the status of the war in Iran. Additionally, Senator Cory Booker criticizes Donald Trump's use of funds for personal enrichment, while Congressman Jamie Raskin discusses investigations into an alleged political slush fund involving the IRS and DOJ. The episode concludes with Senator John Ossoff discussing his Georgia re-election campaign and the need to combat political corruption.

This episode explores allegations of corruption surrounding a secret fund established by Donald Trump, which potentially includes payouts to January 6th attackers and tax amnesty for his family. The program also features a discussion on Andrew Weissman's new book, focusing on the legal implications of a controversial document designed to grant Trump immunity from investigations and the need for accountability regarding political lies. Additionally, the episode provides updates on Georgia election night, including the Democratic Senate candidacy of Keisha Lance Bottoms and results in the state Supreme Court races.

This episode examines Donald Trump's recent political maneuvers, including his extension of the Jones Act waiver and his volatile rhetoric regarding military action against Iran. Congressman Adam Smith joins to debunk claims of progress in Iran negotiations, while the program investigates allegations of corruption involving a $1.7 billion 'Anti-Weaponization Fund.' The discussion also covers investigations into the prison conditions of Jeffrey Epstein and the ongoing struggle for voting rights in Alabama. Featuring insights from Congressmen Ro Khanna and Terri Sewell, the episode explores the impacts of voter suppression, political redistricting, and the legacy of the civil rights movement.

Ali Velshi and guests analyze the geopolitical and domestic implications of the Trump administration's policies, focusing on how recent summits and diplomatic approaches may be strengthening China's global position while alienating American allies. The discussion explores the erosion of trust in government due to perceived conflicts of interest and the potential for personal business interests to influence U.S. foreign policy. Additionally, the episode examines the economic concerns of young voters, such as housing and healthcare, noting that political communication centered on social media trends fails to address fundamental needs. The conversation also touches upon the impact of global conflicts, including the war in Ukraine and the economic implications of the Iran war.

This episode examines the aftermath of Donald Trump's Beijing summit, noting the lack of diplomatic progress despite tensions over Taiwan and the Iran war. The discussion explores how domestic economic pressures, such as rising gas prices, and the political struggle over congressional war powers are shaping the current administration's landscape. Senator Cory Booker joins to discuss the erosion of democratic norms, specifically addressing presidential war powers, Republican gerrymandering, and the impact of Supreme Court decisions on Black representation. The episode also covers ethics controversies involving Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, anti-corruption legislation introduced by Congressman Jamie Raskin, and legal concerns regarding the acting Attorney General.

This episode examines Donald Trump's summit with Xi Jinping in Beijing, analyzing the economic and geopolitical stakes involving trade negotiations, the technology sector, and the tension between U.S.-China economic interdependence and rivalry. The report also covers the President's perceived weakened position due to the conflict in Iran and domestic economic pressures like inflation. Additionally, the episode explores geopolitical tensions regarding Taiwan and rare earth minerals, alongside domestic legal controversies. This includes Donald Trump's lawsuit against the IRS, allegations of manipulated crime statistics within the FBI, and the constitutional implications of presidential influence over government agencies.

This episode examines the economic and strategic consequences of Donald Trump's military actions in Iran, including rising inflation and the defense budget. The report features Senate subcommittee hearings and an interview with Senator Tammy Baldwin regarding the geopolitical fallout of withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal. The program also covers the House Oversight Committee's 'shadow hearing' regarding the Jeffrey Epstein investigation, featuring emotional testimonies from survivors seeking accountability. Additionally, the episode investigates allegations of political obstruction and the use of taxpayer funds for presidential vanity projects, specifically focusing on inflated costs for renovations at the Lincoln Memorial.

This episode examines the geopolitical and economic consequences of Donald Trump's ongoing war in Iran, highlighting concerns regarding the depletion of U.S. military resources, rising gas prices, and a decline in international tourism. The discussion features insights from Congressman Adam Smith on strategic incoherence and Congressman Brendan Boyle on the importance of federal research investment. Additionally, the episode covers the legal battles over partisan gerrymandering in states like Florida and Virginia, the administration's use of legal threats against political opponents, and a preview of upcoming discussions on AI inequities.

This episode examines the far-reaching economic and geopolitical consequences of the war in Iran, including rising inflation and the financial strain on American households. The discussion also addresses the controversial billion-dollar ballroom project for Donald Trump and the financial struggles of working-class constituents. Additionally, the program explores the erosion of democratic institutions through redistricting efforts in Virginia, Tennessee, and South Carolina aimed at targeting Black voting power. The episode concludes with reports on Pennsylvania housing legislation, security concerns surrounding Russia's Victory Day parade, and the human impact of maritime conflict in the Strait of Hormuz.

Lawrence O'Donnell examines a recent court ruling that invalidated certain Donald Trump tariffs, noting how the precise legislative work of past Senate and House staffers provided the legal basis for the decision. The episode also covers the breaking of a ceasefire with Iran following attacks on U.S. Navy vessels and criticizes Trump's rhetoric regarding the conflict. Additionally, the program addresses allegations of unprofessional and paranoid behavior by FBI Director Kash Patel, including the use of polygraphs on staff. The episode concludes with an investigation by Eric Lipton into how business interests, such as a proposed Trump golf course in Syria, may be influencing U.S. foreign policy and sanctions repeal.

This episode explores critical issues in technology, foreign policy, and civil rights. The discussion begins with the complexities of AI inequities and moves into an analysis of Donald Trump's conflicting messages regarding the war in Iran, including the resulting economic consequences and an interview with Senator Cory Booker on military strategy. The episode also covers significant political developments, including the impact of the Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act ruling, an FBI search of a Virginia official's office, and investigations into Howard Lutnick's ties to Jeffrey Epstein. Finally, the program examines legal challenges to Denver's assault weapons ban and the detention of immigrant families by ICE in Texas.

This episode examines the strategic instability of the Trump administration's approach to Iran and the Strait of Hormuz, featuring critiques from Megyn Kelly and Congressman Jason Crow regarding the lack of a clear exit strategy. The discussion also covers domestic political developments, including Senator Sherrod Brown's primary victory in Ohio and concerns over economic pressures and rising gas prices. Additionally, the episode investigates the lack of transparency surrounding the 'Board of Peace' slush fund and the constitutional implications of the War Powers Act. Featuring insights from Congressman Jamie Raskin and legal expert Melissa Murray, the program explores the shifting role of the DOJ's Civil Rights Division and the importance of constitutional agency in the face of modern political challenges.

This episode examines the legal and political implications of Donald Trump's military actions against Iran, framing them as a violation of the War Powers Act. Retired Lieutenant General Mark Hertling discusses how imprecise presidential language creates operational confusion for military forces, drawing parallels to the historical precedents of the Vietnam War. The program also explores themes of political accountability and judicial legacy. Featuring insights from Congressman Robert Garcia on Democratic oversight and an interview with Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw regarding her memoir, the episode delves into the long-term implications of Justice Clarence Thomas's Supreme Court tenure and the broader concept of political retrenchment.

This episode examines the geopolitical and economic consequences of the ongoing conflict between the United States and Iran, specifically addressing Donald Trump's claims of a ceasefire and the resulting impact on energy markets and inflation. The discussion features insights from Congressman Eugene Vindman on administration transparency and Robert Reich on the intersection of trade tariffs and economic stability. The episode also explores critical developments in voting rights, election security, and public health. Discussions cover the legal challenges to telehealth and abortion access, the potential dismantling of CISA's election security functions, and the difficulties in appointing a Surgeon General with sufficient clinical expertise.

Lawrence O'Donnell examines the Trump administration's foreign policy implications, specifically regarding the use of the term '86' in relation to James Comey, and the strategic consequences of actions in Iran and Africa. The episode covers the depletion of US munitions and the lack of clear objectives in ongoing conflicts. Further discussion explores the geopolitical advantages gained by Vladimir Putin through shifts in US policy, alongside investigations into the Jeffrey Epstein/Maxwell connections. The episode concludes with Congressman Jamie Raskin's critiques of legal efforts regarding James Comey and concerns over voting rights and racial gerrymandering in the South.